Methods to account for citation inflation in research evaluation     

《Research Policy》2019,48(7):1855-1865

Quantitative research evaluation requires measures that are transparent, relatively simple, and free of disciplinary and temporal bias. We document and provide a solution to a hitherto unaddressed temporal bias – citation inflation – which arises from the basic fact that scientific publication is steadily growing at roughly 4% per year. Moreover, because the total production of citations grows by a factor of 2 every 12 years, this means that the real value of a citation depends on when it was produced. Consequently, failing to convert nominal citation values into real citation values produces significant mis-measurement of scientific impact. To address this problem, we develop a citation deflator method, outline the steps to generalize and implement it using the Web of Science portal, and analyze a large set of researchers from biology and physics to demonstrate how two common evaluation metrics – total citations and h-index – can differ by a remarkable amount depending on whether the underlying citation counts are deflated or not. In particular, our results show that the scientific impact of prior generations is likely to be significantly underestimated when citations are not deflated, often by 100% or more of the nominal value. Thus, our study points to the need for a systemic overhaul of the counting methods used evaluating citation impact – especially in the case of researchers, journals, and institutions – which can span several decades and thus several doubling periods.  相似文献   

Contextual factors on physical demands in professional women’s soccer: Female Athletes in Motion study     

Jason D. Vescovi  Olesya Falenchuk 《European Journal of Sport Science》2019,19(2):141-146

The aim of this study was to examine the impact of contextual factors on relative locomotor and metabolic power distances during professional female soccer matches. Twenty-eight players (forwards, n?=?4; midfielders, n?=?12; defenders, n?=?12) that competed in a 90-min home and away match (regular season only). The generalised estimating equations (GEE) was used to evaluate relative locomotor and metabolic power distances for three contextual factors: location (home vs. away), type of turf (natural vs. artificial), and match outcome (win, loss and draw). No differences were observed for home vs. away matches. Moderate-intensity running (20.0?±?1.0?m?min^?1 and 16.4?±?0.9?m?min^?1), high-intensity running (8.6?±?0.4?m?min^?1 and 7.3?±?0.4?m?min^?1) and high-metabolic power (16.3?±?0.5?m?min^?1 and 14.4?±?0.5?m?min^?1) distances were elevated on artificial turf compared to natural grass, respectively. Relative sprint distance was greater during losses compared with draws (4.3?±?0.4?m?min^?1 and 3.4?±?0.3?m?min^?1). Overall physical demands of professional women’s soccer were not impacted by match location. However, the elevation of moderate and high-intensity demands while playing on artificial turf may have implications on match preparations as well as recovery strategies.  相似文献   

Does performance justify the underrepresentation of women coaches? Evidence from professional women’s soccer     

《Sport Management Review》2019,22(5):640-651

In this paper, the authors empirically analyze the influence of the gender of the coach on team performance in women’s soccer leagues. Moreover, the authors examine the role of initial experience of coaches (as professional players) as an attribute that converges with gender diversity and influence performance. The sample includes the top divisions in France, Germany, and Norway from 2004 to 2017. The results from the regression model show that the gender of the coach is not a significant determinant of team performance (points per game). In addition, the initial experience of coaches does not alter the results. Therefore, managerial decisions of clubs with regard to the employment of coaches should not rely on gender.  相似文献   

美国妇女选举权档案开发利用的特色分析及启示     

黄霄羽  位焕锦  黄敏 《北京档案》2020,(5):40-43

美国国家档案馆为纪念宪法《第十九条修正案》100周年,发起一项为期18个月的全国性倡议,带动各州庆祝妇女选举权。本文分析指出美国妇女选举权档案开发利用的内容特色——主题集中、关注个体和突出人物;方式特色——多媒介、数字化和关联式开发并行,最后总结出对我国的启示——档案开发利用宜主题集中、方式多样、把握时机的持续性。  相似文献   

英美图书情报专业教育与毕业生职业选择的关系分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

夏义堃 《图书馆工作与研究》2008,(3):44-48

本文从英关图书情报类专业毕业生就业状况的分析入手,发现在以传统图书情报机构为主导的前提下,毕业生的职业选择出现了向信息职业其他领域渗透的多元化趋势,同时,探讨了图书情报专业教育与毕业生职业选择的内在对应关系,并从专业定位、课程体系建设、实践实习以及就业服务等不同视角进行了原因分析。  相似文献   

Muslim Women’s Use of Internet Media in the Process of Acculturation in the United States     

Lawanda McKelvy  Karishma Chatterjee 《Qualitative Research Reports in Communication》2017,18(1):18-26

This study examines how Muslim women use Internet-based media in the process of acculturation in the United States. Grounded theory methodology (Glaser, 1992) and Sam and Berry’s (2006) model of acculturation were used as theoretical and analytical frameworks. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 Muslim women to learn about their media use and experiences in forming and maintaining relationships in the United States. Educational opportunities were an emerging theme in the determining factors of immigrating to the United States. The data indicated that Muslim women use a variety of Internet-based media such as Facebook, Skype, WhatsApp, Instagram, and Viber for communicating with family and friends locally and abroad. A majority of the participants reported that social media allowed them to express a part of their identities. The data suggests that the participants attained the level of acculturation defined as integration. The participants use these media to build and create relationships in their new communities. The combined relationships the participants maintain both locally and abroad seem to play a role in the creation of balance in their lives, which allows them to thrive in their new communities, at school, and at work.  相似文献   

“茨冈女人”与“纯洁天使”—论屠格涅夫爱情作品中的女性对立     

黎杨全 《毕节师范高等专科学校学报》2008,(1):69-72

在屠格涅夫的爱情故事中,女性人物设置呈现为“茨冈女人”与“纯洁天使”的对立,在爱情的“竞争”中,前者总是“打败”后者。这种人物对立原则,有时体现为两个人物共时的并置,有时又体现为主人公历时的心理转变,而在根本上,它隐喻着屠格涅夫的爱情观。  相似文献   

20世纪20-30年代女子教育与妇女解放     

张丽 《河西学院学报》2008,24(6)

20世纪20-30年代,经过五四新文化运动洗礼的中国女子教育得到了前所未有的发展。但由于社会经济、文化观念以及妇女自身的因素,使20世纪20-30年代中国女子教育状况发生变化的范围极其狭窄。某种意义上说,女子接受教育与"妇女解放"只是城市以及沿海发达开明地方少数女子的"特权",在相对传统的城镇,尤其是广大内地的农村,绝大多数的中国仍然生活在远离"解放"之中。有些已经得到教育、在某种程度上获得"解放"的妇女,也没有在事实上特别是精神上获得"真正意义上"的解放。  相似文献   

职业生涯规划教育:增强思想政治教育艺术的新视角     

刘春玲 《继续教育研究》2021,(1):123-126

思想政治教育艺术是教育者为了有效地达到思想政治教育目的而创造性运用的具有感染力的教育技能和技巧的总和,教育过程中的时机选择和突破口选择都是提升思想政治教育实效性的艺术运用。职业生涯规划教育中将教育对象视为鲜活的个体生命,关注学生人生需求,解决学生成长问题、走进学生心灵深处,围绕人、情、魂等三个层面育人,正是习近平总书记要求的思想政治教育要“围绕学生、关照学生、服务学生”的生动体现,做到了因事而化、因时而进、因势而新,能够为思想政治教育艺术提供广阔场域,增强思想政治教育艺术的新视角。  相似文献   

明代言官的职业风险及保障机制     

蔡明伦 《信阳师范学院学报(哲学社会科学版)》2008,28(2):141-144

明代言官以言为职,在履职时面临着双重风险：一是皇帝的威胁和摧抑,二是周边各种势力的打击报复。为保证言官尽职,明代确立了一些激励和保障机制,包括鼓励直言、慎选言官、畀以重权、给予重赏、严加考察以及相应的人身保护等。这些保障机制在一定程度上激励了言官不畏风险,恪尽职守,在明中期以前发挥了较好的作用。但由于专制体制下皇权决定一切,而明代皇帝素质又普遍低下,言官保障机制不断被破坏,言官的职业风险更为突出,致使言官群体在晚明时期不断分化蜕变,从一个侧面揭示了明代士大夫的悲剧命运。  相似文献